'Livelihood system among koyas\r'

'INTRODUCTION In the phase of globalization the question of living has captured all in all the points of discussion. Various wad rescue defined financial support differently. Chambers and Conway (1992) define â€Å"A nutrition comprises the abilities, assets (stores, preferences, claims and access) and activities require for a means of living: a upkeep is sustain qualified which can cope with and recover from taste and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable aliveness opportunities to the next generation; and contribute terminate benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global bevels In the long and In the utterly term. In ease up days the Issue of livelihood has become a topic of concern In the context of tribal communities. Since centuries the tribal communities have been living in and nearly the wood toss offs, practicing hunting and gathering activities, fishing and shifting civilization have faced difficulties in t heir survival. Traditionally they account on forest resources for their livelihoods. Their numerateence on forest was not merely for livelihood but withal for their ethnic requirement.For these people, forests argon Important source of livelihood and means f survival (Saxons, 1999). Though, farming was in that location It was not lots prominent. Their economy was subsistence in nature. Moreover, a number of small tribal groups ar all told dependent on the forest for their livelihood. Fernando (1984) argues or that the decease of forests over the past few decades has deprived tribes of their livelihood, specially source of food. It has also resulted in their impoverishment, indebtedness and in m both cases land alienation and even bondage.The ideal of livelihoods and livelihood analysis emerged In the mild-inlets- loosely associated with indigence reduction strategies. Livelihood of the poor can neer be watch in any sink in logic be it economic, social, technical, cul tural or political. The livelihood systems argon made up very respective(a) elements which taken together constitute the physical, economic, social and cultural wherein families live (Hogged, 2006). The support style and usance of all(prenominal) native community is unique and is related to the engagement of particular native resource and particular figure of work.They have been collecting resources from forest without causing any damage to It. The forest provides them food and livelihood security. Since tribal communities live in close proximity with biodiversity plentiful landscapes, they have evolved local specific and novel livelihood strategies based on their indigenous knowledge. This knowledge was passed on through generations and it played an big role in the conservation and sustainable drug abuse of biodiversity. By and large, they were depending on nature for their survival.Social and cultural diversity, coupled with the environmental complexity, have generated diverse approaches and technologies In he management and use of different born(p) resources (Mishear, 2007). It is important to note that, tralatitiously resolutionrs, specifically the tribal, managed their affairs and resources on a sustainable basis (Roy Barman, 1993). Their village councils ensured strict observance of institutionalised rules and cultural practices for the sustainable use and management of natural resources.They also regulated the use of natural resources more(prenominal) carefully. Studies have shown that most of the tribal communities effective methods to prolong them (Agile and Berks, cited from Sings, 1996). Indigenous peoples knowledge, conservation beliefs and values, environmentally adaptive and tippy land use, resource management practices, and determined self-abnegation of territory and natural resources have enabled many of them to subsist in the natural habitats for centuries without destroying their ecosystems and biodiversity (Setters, 1997). The interaction between adult male world and nature has always been reciprocal. In tribal communities where there always exist a symbiotic relationship between their livelihood pursuits and the surrounding natural resources ease like the forest, land, water bodies, mineral resource and other flora and fauna. For tribal people, land is important source of livelihoods. Around 90% of tribes populations in India are depending on land directly or indirectly for their survival (Versa 1995). Their economy is primarily agro based. Land is the merely tangible asset for them.Apart from the land forest is the trice source of their livelihood. They used to collect assorted venial forest products from forest for their survival. There economy was subsistence in nature. In Kumara, the village selected for the present field of operation, the peoples traditionalistic activities are in general dependent on forest and agriculture. During traditional society the size of population was small, availability of land per person was sufficient for sustaining and forest was near to their villages and able to fulfill villagers needs.They emphasize on equality and together with while using natural resource. Their custom and tradition were not against the natural law. They have sufficient indigenous knowledge on how to use any plants or herbs as medicine. Significance of the study: Kayos were nomadic people in the past but got changed due to overhaul technology. Their society became heterogeneous society because of the adoption of Hinduism, its rituals, festivals, practices, red-brick education, life style etc. Their culture is being rapidly changed by the influence of mainstream society.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1) To understand the major livelihoods among Kayos of Wrangle. 2) To give an information about the alliance between livelihoods and resources 3) To comprehend changing pattern of livelihoods and their act mechanism. 4) To asses the government interventions in livelih ood Data compendium in the study field of view: The study area of KUMARA VILLAGE is under Davit Gram Penchant of trilateral Amanda, Wrangle District of Andorra Pradesh, Which is at a surmount of 190 SMS from Hydrated.The fieldwork was carried out for 25 days as part of the study. Village nose count: In the primary week the census data of the entire village was obtained. All men and women in the village were mostly farmers or agriculture labors, so to collect the census data we had to go in the morning before they leave to their palm. The interviews were conducted as per the convenience of the person afterward their consent was obtained. Group interviews: about how they organize different activities and informally asked them how they used to do the same activities in the past.The conversations revealed how they organized work in their respective fields and how obligatory it is to go and work when someone calls . We observed the nature of sharing labor in the village. In the village we can find of villagers taking turns for grazing of animals in the lands, this kind of turns showing the unity of the tribal people. Key informants: Key informants are important in the collection of data regarding for understanding the ways of hunting, rituals processes and also for understanding making of Sara (illegal) cheap liquor which they give to earn money.Students of the village who are studying in colleges in alimentary paste and Hammond were very helpful in gathering information. Edema, Swaths and saran lath were very informative about how they take note festivals and how they are collecting minor forest products from forest. They took us to their fields and showed their fields and gave information. Savanna who is working as a forest officer in Pasta gave information about marriage celebrations, family relations etc.Limitation of the study: As the period of stay was very short and as the first week days were worn-out(a) in rapport building the time odd for a ctual data collection was very short. then sufficient information regarding some aspects could not be collected. Due to time constraint the fieldwork was carried out hardly for 23 days. If I could have spent much time in field it could have remediate to get more information. Therefore a detail study is required to understand how tribal depend on natural resources and or use the resources to settle a happy living.Also the study requires an understanding of how and from where they are getting their livelihood income. Apart from that what other resources are available to them. I have observed their traditional practices to find out the connection (if any) between the availability of resources and how these resources are used in generating their livelihood. They have various resources like land, water, forest. They depend on these resources doing their subsistence to make their life or for leading their life happily.\r\n'