Phytochemical screening

Phytochemical indispensable coveringDiscussion5.1. Phytochemical screeningPhytochemical screening provides basic schooling to the upliftedest degree the healthful importance of the plant evoke. In this training phytochemical screening and iii-figure estimation of the chemical constituents of S. asper and L. procumbens pictures the armorial bearing of unlike metabolites including reducing compounds and free radicals scavenging compounds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, tannic acids, cardiac glycosides anthraquinones, and phlobatinins. Tannins possessed spasmolytic legal action in self-possessed muscles booths, free radical scavenger and antioxidant (Tona et al., 1999). Flavonoids argon poly phenoplast compounds like quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin have antioxidant and germicide properties plot of ground saponins ar glycosides possessed antimicrobial and inhibit Na+ efflux, by blockage of the entrance of the Na + out of the carrel, reducing congestive message failure (Abou-Donia et al., 2008). Various studies revealed that congenital and synthetic derivates of alkaloids and have possessed medicinal importance includes analgesic, antisplasmodic and bactericidal activities, antioxidant and argon social functionful in renal cark (Okwu and Okwu, 2004). Our results agree with investigation of Sofowara, (1993) during line drawing of medicinal plants.The total phenoplast circumscribe of genus Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Phenolics compounds turn over in fruits and vegetables have acquire considerable attention because of their strength antioxidant activities (Pan et al., 2008). Phenolic compounds react with phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic hots designate in the folin-ciocalteu reagent (Amin Yazdanparast, 2007), amino acids, proteins, organic acids, sugars and aromatic amines causing interference in quiting (Meda et al., 2005 Rou ra, Andres-Lacueva, Estruch, Lamuela-Ravents, 2006) nevertheless in this investigation, S. asper and L. procumbens were dried before declination maculation ascorbic acid was lost during drying process and amino acids, proteins and sugars tole disclosee be removed from the forceion solvents. Thus, interference from ascorbic acid or some other compounds like amino acids, proteins and sugars should be very little. In the designate remove these plants possessed subject matters of phenolic compounds in ordains from (88.32.1) to (432.82.93) mg gallic acid combining angle (GAE mg/g commit) in LPHE and LPME followed by (95.61.7) to (3321.53) in SAHE and uniform respectively. as well as high flavonoids content was prepargon in methanolic extract of Sonchus asper (15.20.76) followed by LPME (13.980.87) mg rutin equivalent/g extract. The presence of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, possess diverse biological activities such as anti- subversive, anti-carcinogenic and anti-ath erosclerotic activities. These activities strength be related to their antioxidant activity (Chung, Wong, Huang, Lin, 1998). Phenolic compounds whitethorn contribute to anti aerobic action (Duh et al., 1999), inhibitory personal personal effects on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in military personnel (Tanaka et al., 1998). Several phenolic compounds like tannins present in the cells of plants argon inhibitors of galore(postnominal) hydrolytic enzymes such as proteolytic macerating enzymes used by plant pathogens. some other compounds like saponins to a fault have antifungal agent properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001 Mohanta et al., 2007). This need indicates that the presence of these bioactive compounds in the various(a) divides of plant might be responsible for their antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, allelopathic and cyto venomous activities.5.2. primary and nutritional analysis of medicinal plantsWild growing turn overy vegetables im power an authorised proced ure in the diet of inhabitants of different parts of the world. The immediate analysis of Sonchus asper and launaea procumbens demos that their leaves atomic number 18 a good reference point of gilded elements, protein and sugar. Due to the possession of these constituents, consumers are more benefited when they use these as a substitute of sugar in various food preparations. These values were found to be comparable with or higher than those of comm only when used vegetables such as spinach, lettuce and cabbage. Potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are nutritionally important, were found in reasonable substance in the leaf. These inorganic compounds play an important region in the chief(prenominal)tenance of normal glucose-tolerance and in the release of insulin from beta cells of islets of langerhans (choudary and Bandyopadhyay, 1999). twain(prenominal) other metallic elements such as selenium, zinc and manganese are considered as unbendable antioxidant micronutrient s affixs immunity and prevent many diseases mediated with oxidative stress and free radicals. Iron is essential element in the deduction of hemoglobin, presence of appropriate concentration in these plants play important role in nutritional disorder such as iron wish anemia (Talwar et al., 1989). Similar investigation was report by Tadhani, M and Subhash, (2006) during the overture studies on stevia rebaudiana leaves for phytochemical and mineral screening. Undoubtedly, there is growing interest in natural sources of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Within these compounds, polyphenols and antioxidants have special attention, which is understandable because of their role as say-so nurtureive and preventive molecules against chronic ailments, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, cancer, osteoporosis and in the entire aging process (Aruoma, 2003 Coruh, Celep, Ozgokce, 2007 Dasgupta De, 2004 ).5.3. chromatographic evaluation of flavonoidsFlavonoids are rarely present in free in plant extract. These are found in combination as esters, glycosides or are bound to the cell smother. For this reason, before HPLC analysis, hydrolysis of glycosides or esters was requirement, so that phenolic compounds can be identified, since a considerable dissever is in move form. Moreover, BHT, a powerful antioxidant, was added to prevent degradation of phenolic during hydrolysis (Nardini and Ghiselli, 2004). In the present study the thin layer chromatography investigation was justified by high performance liquid chromatogram which reveal that equivalent composed of three compounds orientin, rutin, hypersoid, SAEE showed vitexin, orientin, rutin plot of land SABE hypersoid, vitexin. SACE possesses vitexin and SAWE possessed hypersoid besides SAHE showed one for hypersoid. Chromatogram of LPME composed of five compounds catechin, orientin, rutin, hypersoid, myercitin. LPCE showed five cognise compounds catechin, rutin, vitexin, hypersoid, and myercitin while LPEE showed two compounds orientin, hypersoid and LPWE showed 2 compounds catechin, vitexin. LPBE showed 2 compounds catechin and vitexin, while LPHE shows unknow compounds. Results of Gudej and Tomczyk, (2004) manly et al., (2006) are in accordance to our study. The TLC results of Poukens-Renwart et al., (1992) showed the presence of vitexin, orientin and aglycone flavonoids in the bagasse and leaf extracts, and in the juice samples, which supports our results.Previous studies indicated that flavonoids were a potent antioxidant agent, quenching radicals, waistcoat oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (Bourgou et al., 2008). For that, natural antioxidants such as polyphenols are often added to foods to stabilizethem and prevent off-flavor development and have considerable interest for their potential role as functional foods or nutraceuticals (Espin et al., 2007). The mechanism by which antioxidants protect food fr om oxidation is by scavenging of free radicals via donation of an electron or a hydrogen atom, or by deactivation of metal ions and vest oxygen. Gallic acid, for example, has been widely used as additives to avoid the degradation of foods and is known to have anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticancer activity (Soong and Barlow, 2006). In addition, vanillic acid is a phenolic derivative known to possess antimicrobial, anti-filarial and hepatoprotective activities (Singh et al., 2006). The results account by Ksouri et al., (2009) show similarty with our results during polyphenolic impression of Tamarix gallica L. using equal mobile phase.5.4. Antimicrobial and anti tumour intensity train of extractsThe results of our screening assays justify the use of the investigated plants in the Pakistani ethnomedicine. The findings shows that Gram oppose bacterium such as Staphylococcus areus was stamp down by MIC of LPCE (2.5ug/ml), LPME (1ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and SABE (5ug/m l), equivalent (2.5 ug/ml), SAWE (5 ug/ml) respectively while MIC of E.coli includes LPME (2.5 ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and equivalent (5 ug/ml) however Klebsiella pneumoniae ontogeny was by MIC range of LPEE , LPBE , SAHE , SAME were (1ug/ml) and SAEE was (5ug/ml) respectively. In case of gram positive bacteria LPME, LPBE (5ug/ml), SAME (2.5ug/ml) showed MIC against Micrococcus lutes, while Bacillus subtillus was inhibited by LPBE, LPME, LPEE, SAME and SAEE with MIC (1ug/ml), however LPBE, LPME, SAME and SAEE inhibited the process of Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC (5ug/ml) respectivelythat the plant possesses MIC of bactericide, antifungal and antitumor potential. LPME and LPWE of Launaea procumbens and SAME of Sonchus asper showed activity against E.coli. Staphylococcus areus was inhibited by LPCE, LPME, LPWE and SABE, SAME, SAWE respectively. Fractions of Launaea procumbens including LPHE, LPEE, LPME, and LPWE markedly inhibited the effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae while SA HE, SAME, SAWE showed prohibition against them. Bacillus subtillus was inhibited by LPBE, LPME, LPWE and SAME, SAWE while Micrococcus lutes and Enterobacter aerogenase was ascendencyled to by LPME, LPWE, SAME and LPWE, SABE respectively. Our MIC results agree with results reported by Ndhlala et al., (2009) during characterization of Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and mutagenic investigation of the South African tree aloe (Aloe barberae). Narod et al. (2004) reported that antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and piss extract of leaf and pedestal of Toddalia asiatica were active against negative and Gram positive bacteria. They found that the MIC of methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 2 mg/ml.Duraipandiyan and Ignacimuthu, (2008) reported the same results during screening of antibacterial activities of various fractions of traditional medicinal plant, Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. The MIC values of the Flindersine compound disjointed from same plant against bacteria Bacillus subtilis (31.25 ug/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (62.5 ug/ml), Staphylococcus epidermidis (62.5 ug/ml), Enterococcus faecalis (31.25 ug/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250 ug/ml) respectively. Algiannis et al. (2001) proposed a classification based on MIC values of antifungal activities of extracts, where extracts with MIC up to euchre ug/ml are considered as strong inhibitors, 600-1500 ug/ml as turn back inhibitors and those with MIC values above 1600 as weak inhibitors. In this study double up results of antifungal show that all fractions showed some extent of antifungal activity at 200 ug/ml concentration of various fractions, however yield of Aspergillus niger was markedly inhibited by methanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of both plants, while F.solani was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic and form of water fraction of Launaea procumbens and Sonchus asper. Similarly Aspergillus flavus was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic, water fraction of Launaea procumben s and while water fraction of Launaea procumbens, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of Sonchus asper showed siignificant growth inhibition respectively. These results suggest that methanolic extracts of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens were more efficient to inhibit bacterial growth than fungal one, probably in relation to their active molecules. Several studies attributed the inhibitory effect of plant extracts against bacterial pathogens to their phenolic composition (Baydar et al., 2004 Rodriguez Vaquero et al., 2007) and might be presence of saponins which have antifungal properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001 Mohanta et al., 2007). Kabuki et al. (2000) reported that the antimicrobial spectrums of the sore catechins were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This tendency of tannin could be explained by that the structures of cell envelope, including cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall component, are different between gram-positive an d gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane surrounding the cell wall, which restricts diffusion of hydrophobic compounds through its lipopolysaccharide covering. Without outer membrane, the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria can be permeated more easily and tannins can disturb the cytoplasmic membrane, disperse the proton motive force (PMF), electron flow, active transport and coagulation of cell contents (Burt, 2004). Therefore, the structural difference of bacteria plays an important role in their susceptibility.Crown-gall is a neoplastic disease of plants, in which autonomous plant tumor cells are produced from normal, wounded plant cells by the action of bacteria-borne tumor bring on plasmids. The method is independent of antibiosis (Fadli et al., 1991). It is caused by a specific strain of Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Pelczar and Reid, 1965). As certain mechanisms of tumorigenesis, such as the intracellular incorporation of extraneous nucleic acids, are common in both plants and animals (McLaughlin, 1991), the primal concept of developing this method was that the antitumor drugs might inhibit the groundwork and growth of tumors in both animal and plant systems. Data of the present study reveal that all fractions of L.procumbens and S.asper show antitumor activity with exception of water and chloroform fractions of S.asper however methanolic fraction of L.procumbens with IC50 (130.2 g/ml) and S.asper (451.7 g/ml) were markedly control crown-gall tumor formation and their IC50 value is near to control indicated the use this plant species for the cake and/or sermon of cancer. Hussain, Zia and Mirza, (2007) reported that methanolic extract of Fagonia cretica L. shows potent antitumor activities as compare to control, which supports our results. The results documented by Turker and Camper, (2002) DAS et al., (2007) are in accordance to our results. The results of present study supports the tradition al usage of the canvas plants and suggests that some of the plant extracts possess compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer properties that may be used as antimicrobial and anticancer agents in new afterlife drugs for the therapy of cancer and infectious diseases caused by pathogens.5.5. Phototoxic and cytotoxicity effects of plansCytotoxicity screening models provide important preliminary data to select plant extracts with potential antineoplastic properties for coming(prenominal) work (Cardellina et al., 1999). In the present study the order of LD50 of brine shrimps LPBE LPME LPEE LPHE LPWE LPCE and SAME SABE SAEE SAWE SAHE SACE was reported. Our results showed that the brine shrimp survival is inversely proportional to the concentration of the extract used. The extracts with LD50 values higher than 200 mg/l in the brine shrimp test can be considered inactive (Anderson et al., 1991), but in the present study almost all of our extracts possesses LD50 less than 200 m g/l and are markedly effective in removing foreign cell and could be used as chemopreventive anticancer, however chloroform fraction of Launaea procumbens, n-hexane and water fraction of Sonchus asper was inactive, showed no significance cytotoxicity activity and LD50 value are greater than 200 ug/ml (200 mg/l).Our results agree with the reports inferred by Hussain et al., (2008) during screening various fraction of Nepeta juncea through brine shrimps cytotoxicity that only water fraction showed activity. Zaidi et al., (2006) studied that methanolic fraction of Arceuthobium oxycedri exhibited 100% cytotoxicity for brine shrimps at high dit level, with LC50 of 8.3g/ ml. its cytotoxicity might be responsible for the injure it causes to this fossil species. Cyrus et al., (2008) reported no correlation between antibacterial and cytotoxic activity during screening of Kenyan medicinal plants. The plant fraction that was deadly to brine shrimp nauplii showed low inhibitory activity again st bacteria. From the plant extracts, only Ajuga remota Benth (LC50 Recently scientist have wayed to increase the crop occupation to meet the needed of world population, but unfortunately, crop yield losings every year cod to insects and plant diseases caused by various pathogens (Fletcher et al., 2006), shadowy biodegration of herbicides (Barnard et al., 1997). To control these shortcomings researchers have focused on allelochemicals and bio-herbicides, produced by plants themselves. The phyototoxic results of all fractions of both plants shows that they inhibited the growth of reddish sort as well as shoot as compare to non tempered control plant. Water, methanolic and butanolic fractions showed marked growth inhibition of root and shoot while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of both plants showed moderate effects. Our findings showed similitude with results reported by Javaid et al., (2009) that water extract of Withala somnifera and Datura alba possessed some bioactive compounds which importantly inhibited the growth of root and shoot of Rumex dentatus L. highly competitive weed in straw during allelopathic screening. Similar investigations was found by Kordali et al., (2008) that essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and their phenolic compounds completely inhibited the growth of seedling and roots and possessed antifungal activity when compare to standards compounds.5.6. Scavenging of free radicals and medicinal plantsOxidation is a necessary process for human beings for energy production however during normal metamorphosis oxygen consumption, through many enzymatic systems produces responsive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. In pure amounts, these ROS are beneficial in signal transduction and growth regulation. However astronomical amount of ROS produced oxidative stress, attack many molecules such as protein, deoxyribonucleic acid and lipids (Halliwell Gutteri dge, 1999).Human beings possessed a system of antioxidant enzymes which scavenge and terminate presently ROS radical-mediated oxidative reactions they may be used a method of prevention of aging-associated diseases and health problems. In addition to antioxidant enzymes, non enzymatic compounds also take part in removing of ROS such as vitamin c, vitamin E and -topherol in addition to exogenous antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols. This has led to an accelerated search for antioxidant compounds, the identification of natural resources, and the isolation of active antioxidant molecules. Antioxidants have been detected in a subroutine of agricultural and food products including cereals, fruits, vegetables and oil seeds (Adom, Sorrells, Liu, 2003 Netzel, Netzel, Tian, Schwartz, Konczak, 2007 Yu, Perret, David, Wilson, Melby, 2002). Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (PG) have been widely used as a ntioxidants in the food industriousness (Nawar, 1996). However, the safety of these synthetic antioxidants has been questioned. BHA has shown to be carcinogenic and BHT has been related to internal and orthogonal hemorrhaging at high doses in rats and guinea pigs (Ito et al., 1986). These findings increase the interest of consumer in natural food additives for effective uptake of antioxidant compounds as alternative source for scavenging of antioxidant compounds. Data of the present study revealed that various fractions of both plant show marked scavenging potential. Among them methanolic fraction of both plants indicated that this is more active in scavenging of 1, 1-diphenyl 1-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2 azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid), lessening of reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) and inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of b-carotene. Similarly superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide most reactive and induces severe da mage to adjacent biomolecules are scavenges effectively, as well as possesses a good metallic reducing and iron chelating properties. Our result shows similarity with the investigation of Hagerman et al. (1998) and Falleh et al., (2008). The results obtained by Duenas et al., (2006) and Kilani et al., (2008) also support our investigations.5.7. Free radicals and changes of automobile trunk and wind clogThe present study revealed that highly earthshaking variation was ascertained in personify weight unitinginess and % increase in body weight. CCl4 and KBrO3 handling of rats importantly precipitated the body weight as compare to the non treated control group. Okada et al., (2003) reported the significant decrease in the body weight of rats by oral constitution of CCl4. These results are in accordance with Lin and Lin, (2006) that CCl4 handling causes a significant decrease in the body weight of the rats as compared with control rats. The results of Noyan et al. (2006) were al so similar to our findings, in which they find the significant decrease in the body weight of mice groups treated with CCl4 intraperatonialy. Khan and Ahmad, (2009) reported that the give-and-take of male rats with CCl4 for 16 weeks caused a significant loss in the body weight, which was restored by methanolic extract of Digera muricata. These studies justify the decrease in the body weight of rats due to CCl4 and KBrO3 which was significantly recovered in the present study with the treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launea procumbens. Our result opposes to the findings reported by Farombi et al., (2002) that KBrO3 treatment to rat decreases the body weight non significantly as compare to control group. Cadenas and baria, (1999) reported that 80 mg/kg b.w. KBrO3 administration for 8 hours in rats non significantly decreased the body weight as compare to control rat, but our results controverses than these findings due chronic administration of KBrO3 as well as kid ney weight of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control. This increase of tissue weight was balanced by administration of Resveratrol, Meltonin, vitamin E and PBN .Data of the present study revealed that tissue weight of various organs was increased in the CCl4 and KBrO3 treated rats as compared to control groups and DMSO treated rats. These increases were significantly ameliorated by post-treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens. Lin et al., (2008) injected 20% CCl4 for vi weeks twicely, reported that colored and spleen weight was significantly increased as compared to control. They studied that these elevation was significantly restored by feeding rats with 200-1000mg/kg b.w. genus Solanum nigrum plant extract. Jodynis-Liebert et al., (2008) reported that Aquilegia vulgaris extract attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induce liver fibrosis and increase of liver weight in rats. Farombi et al., (2001) reported that a single dose of KBrO 3 (300 mg/kg b.w.) insignificant changes the liver weight, as was compared to control group rats.Results of Adewole et al. (2007) are also in accordance to our study, in which CCl4 treatment significantly increased the weight of the kidney as compared to control. Our result was supports by treatment of rats with KBrO3 three times a week for 4 weeks resulted significant increase in kidney weight as compared to control rat which was modulated by biflavonoid (kolaviron) isolated from Garcinia kola (Farombi et al., (2001). Administration of various concentration of in the gravid Blue rats showed that high doses of the chemical caused significant decreased in body weight while kidney of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control, however less amount of dose showed insignificant variations prove that low of amount of KBrO3 is not toxic as well as mutagenic (Yamaguchi et al., (2008). Decrease in body weight with CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment in this experiment might occur du e the degeneration/necrosis of body tissues while increase in the weight of various tissues accounts due to the fatty accumulation, lipidperoxidation as well as fibrosis and inflammatory response of the organs. Response of the cells might change and adaptation increase by the protective effects of the rutin and various fractions, results in the recovery of the bodily and organs weight.5.8. Serum marker enzymes and oxidative stressThe areas of dietary modification and chemoprevention show considerable effective approaches for oxidative stress and are a focus on the research of these days. It has been found that some edible plants as a whole or their some portion have protective effects against various disorders including oxidative stress and cancer (Aruoma, 2003). Various studies have shown that several(prenominal) mutagens and carcinogens cause generation of oxygen free radicals, which play a major role in emergence of cancer especially promotion stages of carcinogenesis (Sun, 1990 ).We are of the opinion that for the assessment of protective effects of pure chemical or extracts, it is more important to change the response of the cells rather than priming the cells against the insult. On this base rats were treated with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) and KBrO3 1 ml/kg b.w. (20 mg/ml) and after 48 h with various fractions of S. asper, L.procumbens and rutin.In the present study, biweekly treatment of CCl4 and KBrO3 for 4 weeks resulted in acute pathological levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and lipids visibleness in blood serum. It was suggested that CCl4 and KBrO3 metabolites through lipid peroxidation of hepatocytes cause acute injuries, cell membrane integrity was altered and the enzymes in hepatocytes leaked out. Similar elevated enzymes activities were and changes in lipids indite observed by (Sreelatha et al., 2008) in serum of rats treated with chemicals and these levels relapsed towards the normal level in rats treated with CCl4 plus rutin and various fractions of S . asper and L.procumbens. Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of potato peel against CCl4 bring on hepatic injury in rats. Farombi et al., (2002) studied the protective effects of kolaviron against KBrO3 induced hepatotoxity and nephrotoxicity in rats, repoted that kolaviron significantly reversed the enzymatic changes of serum level.Serum egg white is the predominant serum protein, which reflects the synthetic function of the liver. Data of the present study reflected that CCl4 and KBrO3 intoxication produced a significant reduction in white serum levels compared to control group similar to other findings (Venukumar and Latha, 2002). In the present study administration of rutin and various fractions of plants produced a significant increase in protein and albumin level. This coincides with the other studies (Dang et al. 2007 Lin et al. 2008) where plant extracts had reversed the protein and albumin towards the nor mal level.Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile produced during middle-aged RBCs breakage. Total and direct bilirubin tests are used for identification of liver damages. Increased levels of total or direct bilirubin may be due to jaundice, liver tubes blockage or bile ducts, cirrhosis. Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly (PS. asper and L. procumbens as well as rutin. Same result was reported in other studies (Rafatullah et al., 2006). Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) and Sreelatha et al., (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of extracts against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Results of different studies have shown that various enzymatic and non enzymatic systems have been developed by eukaryotic cells to tell apart with oxygen free radicals (Recknagel et al., 1989 Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). However when oxidative stress is developed thus the defense system become insufficient (Halliwell and Gutt eridge, 2000). Medicinal plant materials also composed of different amounts of antioxidants which play main role in domineering various pathological actor including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases and lipid peroxidation (Martin et al., 1993, Agbor et al., 2001). These results indicated that various fractions and rutin are helping in response and adaptation of the hepatocytes possibly via the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins in various fractions.Urine analysis may provide information regarding the status of kidney function and acid base balance (Free and Free, 1972). During normal condition urobilinogen are not excreted into the urine unless any pathogenesis. Urobilinogen is the end product of conjugated bilirubin after it has passed through the bile ducts and been metabolized in the intestine. The presence of high levels of urobilinogen, urea, creatinine and albumin in urine are the main indication of kidney injuries induced through CCl4 and KB rO3 treatment (Pels et al., 1989 Farombi et al., 2002 Ozturk et al., 2003 Ogeturk et al., 2005 Simerville et al., 2005). Specific gravity and pH of urine correlates with urine osmolality and was affected with chemical administration (Khan et al., 2009).Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly increased serum urea, serum globulin, RBC and WBC showing renal injuries. glomerular haematuria is typically associated with erythrocyte cases, dysmorphic red blood cells and significant proteinuria. The serum creatinine level does not rise until at least half of the kidney nephrons are damaged or destroyed (Bhattacharya et al., 2005). The glomerular capillary wall is leaky only to substances with a low molecular weight. Once filtered, low-molecular-weight proteins are reabsorbed and metabolized by the proximal tubule cells. High level of proteinurea and haematuria in urine of this study showed the nephrotoxicity induced with CCl4 (Ogawa et al. 1992). The present study revealed tha t oral administration of different fractions significantly improved creatinine and urobilinogen, and decreased the elevated levels of proteinuria and haematuria.Present study revealed that administration of KBrO3 and CCl4 caused marked impairment in renal function along with significant oxidative stress in the kidneys. Serum creatinine, urobilinogen, BUN, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly higher in the CCl4 treated rats which are consistent with raze creatinine clearance (Adewole et al., 2007 Bhadauria et al., 2008). Rutin and various fractions of L. procumbens and S.asper signifi