CAPTCHA Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CAPTCHA - Thesis Proposal Example This thesis will also give a proposal on the future directions of creating reliable CAPTCHAS. The main of this study is to determine the major visual visula CAPTCHAS being used and how they are created. The anti-segmentation and and anti-recognition techniques that are currently being used to make CAPTCHAS very hard for automated computer attacks and bots to segment the CAPTCHAS. This is intended to eventually help in creation of reliable CAPTCHAS. There is increased insecurity by many web users in maintaining their privacy due to many hackers being able to acquire users personal information details. This study is to impact and increase users confidence in the use of CAPTCHAS as a security tool and to help visual CAPTCHA designers to formulate the best algorithms that will be used in creation of reliable anti-recognition and anti-segmentation techniques. This will eventually make user information and use of CAPTCHAS very secure against automated computer bots. We will perform a deep analysis of the different anti-segmentation techniques that are used to prevent separation of CAPTCHAS characters in order to make a sense from them like collapsing, distortion and noise. We will also study some anti-recognition techniques like collapsing, distortion, waving and using multiple-fonts and sizes. We will be conducting a comparative research based on existing research in this area and concerns over information security. We will collect data and statistics and represent the finding in forms of tables and charts. `This study will be done through analysis and comparisons of previously researches done on the increase of security of CAPTCHAS. This will involve acquiring sample data and statistics relating to anti-segmentation, anti-recognition success rates of various visual CAPTCHAS. Comparing some algorithms used in the design of CAPTCHAS. The data in this study will be mostly acquired from previous researches done on the

Definition of Communication Essay Example for Free

Definition of Communication Essay Introduction Whenever we interact with other people, intentional or unintentional, we communicate; because of its abstract nature, the concept of communication is difficult to define. If one remembers Communication Theory as a Field (Craig 1999), we gain insight into the scientific fields of communication, on how diverse the fields of study actually are. With such diversity among theorists’ approaches to communication, it is even harder to get a single definition standing, at least within academia. The devil is in the details; however some argue that it is rather impractical to study a subject that isn’t well defined. A First Look At Communication Theory (Griffin 2012) offers a working definition. (Griffin 2012:6) states â€Å"Communication is the relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response†. But does this definition of what communication is suffice in the light of what the different theorists argue it is? This will be the main focus of my paper. I find it most reasonable to approach this question with two communication theories with different fundamental approaches to communication. In order to cover both the interpretive and objective theoretical approach, I will discuss the definition in relation to Constructivism and Semiotics. The Definition The definition consists of five parts: messages, creation of Messages, interpretation of Messages, A Relational Process, and Messages that elicits a response (Griffin 2012:6-9). â€Å"Messages are the very core of communication study.† (Griffin 2012:6). The creation of messages is the implication that messages is usually not randomly generated (constructed, invented, planned, crafted, constituted, selected, or adopted (Griffin 2012:7)). A message does not hold a meaning in and of itself; e.g. there is a differentiation between the words and the meaning. Communication is considered a process, because it functions in a contextual sense. In addition, it is a relational phenomenon because it involves two or more participants and affects their connection. And lastly, if a message fails to initiate any reactions, it would be ironic to call it communication according to Griffin. Constructivism Constructivism approaches communication from the psychological perspective, focusing on cognitive competence in interpersonal communication (Griffin 2012:98). The level of interactional competence is determined by the sophistication of the actor’s social perception skills, and their ability to analyze the social situation (the cognitive complexity of an actor (Griffin 2012:99)). The cognitive complexity is reflected in the communication process through the effectiveness of person-centered messages. â€Å"†¦ the capacity to produce highly person-centered messages has been assessed by having participants generate messages in response to standard situations and then coding these messages within hierarchical schemes for the degree of person centeredness manifested. For example, messages seeking to persuade others have been coded for the extent to which the goals and desires of the target are taken into account.† (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998:II,B) In a constructivist view, the communication process is more goal-oriented than relational. Constructing the message in a communicational context is in and of itself an intention to get an anticipated or desired reaction. â€Å"The perception and processing of others intentional efforts to convey some internal statemay be viewed as a special case of social perception† (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998:II,C). The addressed uses a received message as input in the process of structuring their response. The effectiveness of a response is directly correlated to the message’s goal related structure, and the cognitive complexity and perception skills of both addresser and addressed. Semiology Semiotics is the study of signs; it involves the production and the analysis of socially attributed meaning to an object. The semiologist Roland Barthes focused his research on signs we use in communication (Griffin 2012:332). In Mythologies (Roland Barthes 2009) we see that Barthes’ perspective on communication is broader than the interpersonal level, focusing more on abstract connotations and mythical signs in a cultural context. He argues that reality is converted into speech through human history; therefore there are no eternal meanings (Roland Barthes 2009:132). Concordantly, the meaning of a sign can shift as time progresses, an original sign could become a denotation for something else through the semiotic process. The creation of meaning of signs is then not only an individual process; it is also a conjunction and ongoing process of communication and human history. Barthes offers a semantic explanation, in his example of wrestling, to the reactions of the audience towards the wrestlers (Roland Barthes 2009:11-12). Arguing that, with French wrestling, different connotations around the mythical sign of â€Å"justice† were at interplay. So in the process of interpretation; Meaning can be implicit. Unconsciously perceived as connotative factor(s) to what is consciously noticed, and then reacted upon. Directly applying the points of discussion Extending the commonalities and differences between the two theoretical views, with Griffin’s definition, some points are very clear. Both view messages as the core instrument in communication and see it as a process. Both agree that if no reaction is elicited in any way, then the function of the message initially failed. The circumstances thereof are different in each point of view. However the aspects of messages in each theoretical view are defined in such a fashion; without a response of any kind, it would be a contradiction to refer to them as such (If we, of course, interpret messages that elicit a response to include apathetic responses). On the points of objection, it seems mostly to be a case of â€Å"weighing the words†, when viewed by either theoretical lens. As an example: on the point of a relational process, constructivists might prefer â€Å"goal-oriented† rather than relational. Or from Barthes’ perspective, adding a concept of creating mea ning as a result of communication to the definition. Conclusion The outlined approaches in this paper of constructivism and semiotics, display clear differences in the assumptions, focus-points and explanations of communication. However their general outlook does not, in any significant way, object to Griffin’s working definition. I think this outcome qualifies the definition as sufficient, as a practical tool when studying communication. The evident boundary of my paper however, is the lack of other major theoretical lenses in the subject. Further work needs to be done in order to conduct a more unified definition. References Barthes, R. (2009). Mythologies. London: Vintage Classics. 3-14 and 131-144 Craig, R.T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9, 119-161. Griffin, E. (2011). A First Look at Communication Theory. 8th edition. New York: McGraw Hill. J. C. McCroskey, J. A. Daly, M. M. Martin (Eds.). (1998). Communication and Personality: Trait Perspectives. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, pp. 233-286, Website: Presshttp://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/wrightr/const/bu98b.htm#II.B.%20CC%20and%20%E2%82%ACMessage%20Production%E2%82%AC

Global Connections Essay -- Research Papers Internet Communication Ess

Global Connections The cyberculture of the World Wide Web has created virtual communities by means of bulletin boards. These bulletin boards give any individual the ability to instantly publish their thoughts and advice on a particular subject to a mass audience. This capability to connect with strangers across the globe, as well as the ability to publish to a mass market without the support of a large publishing house was once impossible. The introduction material to the Future of Print Culture series at Benoit College in February of 1997 stated, â€Å"Before the advent of the internet, writers who were not published by major editing firms had little hope of reaching a mass audience. Now thousands of readers can be reached with the touch of a button.† Today the World Wide Web gives anyone with web access the ability to publish their words and communicate with strangers instantly, as well as globally. New kinds of international communities are created by this new type of communication. These virtual communities are built around groups of people who probably did not know one another before meeting on line. They are often organized around specific interest or affinities; for example car enthusiast, adventure seekers, sports fans, teachers, etc. They are usually inhabited by people who do not live close enough to meet face to face regularly. (Rheingold, Mobil Virtual Community) The technology of the cyberculture has not only created a new type of community but has had an interesting effect on the way people communicate. In her essay The Virtual Driving Forces in the Virtual Society, Magid Igbaria states that, â€Å"Electronic interactions in which people don’t know each other make new kinds of communication p... ... Future of Print Culture, 14-15 February 1997: On-Line. Internet: 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.beloit.edu/~confer/print.html Igbaria, Magid. â€Å"The Virtual Driving Forces in the Virtual Society.† Communications of the ACM, December 1999, Vol. 42, No. 12. Murali, J. â€Å"Weblogs: Instant Publishing.† 29 March 2001: The Hindu On-Line. Internet. 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/29/stories/082 90001.htm Rheingold, Howard. The Virtual Community, Electronic Version. Internet. 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/1.html. Chapter 1 Sosonoski, James. â€Å"Hyper-readers and their Reading Engines.† Tribble and Trubek. 400-409 Tribble, Evelyn B. and Anne Trubek, eds. Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. New York: Longman, 2003.

Haunted :: Creative Writing Essays

Haunted One day I was walking along side a road that not to many people travel on. All of a sudden it started storming really bad. I didn't want to get sick so I decided to run into an old abandoned house for cover. No one lived there, I was sure of that. As I got in, I looked around and noticed what a spooky house it was. It seemed really spooky. I saw a large room that was the foyer. The room had a checkered tile floor. It was lit a dark blue color. There were two lights on either side of the staircase that led to the second floor. Off to the right of the large foyer was a door that led to the kitchen. The kitchen was old a musty smelling. As I walked to the back of the kitchen, I noticed a door. I stared at it. A second later it opened! I ran out of the kitchen as fast as I could and ran up the stairs. Up stairs it was even darker. I saw a long narrow hallway with a lot of doors on both sides and on the end. I checked all of the doors and I could only get into one of them. I walked into the one that I could get into and heard someone yelling and pleading. I grew scared but then noticed it wasn't a person. It looked like a hologram, but you could see and hear him. He seemed to be pleading for his life. I could not see whom he was talking to, but I don't think it was a person. The man was balding and looked like he was in his upper forties. He was saying, "I am sorry for coming into your house. I thought it was empty. Please! Please! Let me go. I won't say anything; I didn't see you murder him. No! Don't! Ahhhhhhh! Stop..." Then he fell to the floor after I heard a sickening crack. I raced out of that room only to find myself in the hallway again. I decided it was time for me to leave! I went quickly down stairs and went to the door I came in at. I turned the handle and nothing happened.

Helping the street children Essay

Poverty, health and nutrition, and the lack of access to education are the challenges that are linked each other, facing us and become horrible nightmares for the government, and of course children at this time. And nowadays, those nightmares haunt Indonesia, Jakarta – the capital city – for exact. The challenges are come up by the poverty. Within the poverty, malnutrition and the lack of access to education happened badly. Children, as the innocent parties, also have to feel the impacts. Poor children will become the poverty conservationists. Poor conditions in childhood will only lead to a slower cognitive growth, stunted physical and limited access. Jobs that can be achieved with low education is also very limited. Therefore reduction of poverty might be large and long-term impact when the roots of the problems of poverty such as poor nutrition, education, improved quality of life can be made since the early. No matter how many individual and anecdotal exceptions there may be, the fact remains that the children of the poor simply do not have the same opportunities as the children of non-poor. Whether measured by physical and mental development, health and survival rates, educational achievement or jobs, prospects, incomes or life expectancies, those who spend their childhood in poverty of income and expectation are at a marked and measurable disadvantage. Economic and political conditions often make getting an education ‘impossible’ for children. Families may require their kids to work so that they have enough money to survive or even sell their children for labor, sex, or adoption because money is too tight. In other cases, obligatory school fees may prove prohibitive. Discrimination, attacks on secular schools, displacement as a result of war or persecution, and other conditions are often to blame. Poverty and prosperity are the two words that opposing each other. Poverty shows the distress and unprivileged situations, while the prosperity shows a luxurious and affluent situations. Traveling Jakarta, everyone can see the luxurious cars like Mercedes-Benz or Hammer along the road, and at the same time, beggars raise their hands, asking for help. The contrast between poor and rich is very pronounced in this very interesting megalopolis. Despite a robust economic growth, Jakarta is still a place of poverty. There is no doubt that the poverty is an intractable problem in Indonesia. Problems associated with poverty is the effect of the poverty for the growth and development of children’s lives as they are called to work. In Jakarta, so many school-age children spend most of their time for begging and busking. Most of them started to be beggars and buskers since the age of under five. They were forced to leave the school for work, to provide themselves and help the family economy. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, has conveyed that there are a number of rights of children should be guaranteed and fulfilled by the state, which every child has the right to be born, to have a name and nationality to have a family who loved and to love, to live in the community safe, peaceful and healthy environment, to get enough healthy food. The deprived of these basic children’s rights causing the growth process of the children stunted. One of the emerging social problems in Indonesia, especially in the Jakarta, is the increase of the children as beggars and buskers along the streets, even in the roads. According to the results of a survey of social welfare problems conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Social Affairs in 2000, the estimate of the number of the street children is about 50,000 children comprising 83% males and 17% females. According to the same observation, Prasadja and Agustian reported street children in Jakarta aged 13-15 years by 40% and 16-18 years by 30%. From those who had dropped out of school around 60% to 70% do not want to go back to school with a variety of reasons, specifically ashame because already mature, and prefer work to help parents. Meanwhile, the data from the Department of Social in 2005 also shows that more than 1,1 million toddlers are spend most of their times along the roads and the total amount of street children in Jakarta are 3. 3 million. This large population of street children causing of the strength of the street fascination. According to the ChildFund Indonesia, in 2010, these children were taking to the streets only to help their parents. The streets become the easiest locations to looking for work because it requires no capital and skills. The other problem in Jakarta’s many slums is child malnutrition. Most residents of the neighborhoods don’t have kitchens or cooking supplies to prepare their own meals, so they purchase cheap street food that is usually high in fat and sugar, but low in protein and nutrients. As a result of this poor diet, at least 17% of children throughout the city suffer from acute malnutrition, as well as anemia and stunted growth. That percentage is much higher in the slum neighborhoods where poor families are concentrated. The child poverty really needs serious attentions. This country doesn’t have an accurate data of children poverty population. However, if the percentage of the poverty reaches 39% or around 40 millions of the total population, means that the total poor children has a larger amount. The poverty of children exposed in the amount of information street children, dropped out of school, malnutrition, child prostitution, children trafficking and child labor. The possible causes of the child poverty that related to the health and nutrition of the children and the lack of access to education are 1) the low wages, contrary to some stereotypes, 56% of children in poverty have a parent who works full-time, according to Robert Fellmeth, Price Professor of Public Interest Law at the University of San Diego School of Law and executive director of the Children’s Advocacy Institute. A full 28% have parents who work part-time and only 16% of parents are unemployed. Generally these parents work in low-wage jobs with few benefits and no room for advancement. Though parents work, the wages are not enough to support their families so children live in poverty 2) single parenthood, is that children living in single-parent families, particularly those headed by women, are much more likely to be poor. On average, women earn less than men, reducing their ability to support a family. Two-parent families also have twice the income potential as single-parent families. This effect can be lessened if the father contributes child support 3) parental education, according to NCCP, children whose parents do not have a high school diploma are more likely to live in poverty. In fact, 83% of children with parents who did not graduate from high school live in poverty. The importance of good policy and initial favorable conditions has been identified as the main factors contributing to poverty reduction during the pre-crisis period in Indonesia. There were four main important policies and programs devised by the new order government (1969-1998). First, the rice policy, which subsequently led to Indonesia’s attainment of â€Å"rice self-sufficiency† in 1984, was one of the important factors that had a lasting impact on alleviating poverty. Second, during the oil boom in 1970s, the government made substantial allocations to the social and human resource development sectors, as well as to transport infrastructure. It was during this period that the government implemented the expansion of primary schools (SD INPRES) and health centers (PUSKESMAS) to ensure wide access to these basic social services for the poor society. Also during this period the government established the INPRES funding system, which allows direct grants from the center to the regions. Third, the government ensured that particular social sectors were protected within the development budget, primarily by utilizing the INPRES mechanism. Fourth, labor intensive projects, which have long been part of the government’s efforts to stimulate employment and income during tough economic times. But why does Jakarta still have the Child Poverty problems about the Lack of Access to Education and Health? Not all of those organizations ran properly. Some of them are proceeded improperly. Some of them are troubled with the committees, additional costs, bribery, violence, etc. It is because the government does not look after it. They were just made the organizations, leave it, then entrusted to the committees. Virtually, not all the committees work inappropriately, but some of them are still, and unsettling the poor society. The central government and the regional should run the programs seriously in order to solve the poverty problems and improve the education level and health of street children in Jakarta. The government should send some new teachers to the schools for street children (SD INPRES). Teachers who are not just smart or knowledgeable, but the teachers who have the soul of idealism to help improve the education quality of the street children, not really far to left behind the rich children. The teachers should also required to to attend training first, to treat the street children, who probably are very different than the usual children, in terms of behavior, character, politeness. Yet, it should not be resolved with violence. They should give them a fit attention, because someday they will become the future successors. In addition, the government should establish an organization of art and music for the street children and send some teachers who are experts in the in that parts. Repeatedly, not just anyone. Only selected teachers who can teach them, have a strong soul of idealism about street children, enough patience, to bring the street children become more intense and make a lot of satisfactory artworks and wonderful pieces of musical. The teachers have to take the children down to the competitions, contests, or talent shows to make them enthustiastic for developing their talents. For the health centers (PUSKESMAS), the problems are not very different with SD INPRES, but in additional their big fault is that the PUSKESMAS is just waiting for the patients. Some of the doctors and nurses should visit the poverty society routinely, especially the children. Because, some of them might can’t come to the PUSKESMAS causing the distance, transportation, or strength to keep themselves along the way to the PUSKESMAS. Children and the elderly are the first parties that must be handled after the emergency patients then followed by adults patients. The other solution, is that the government should encourage the society, especially the poverty society, to make some latrines, repair the broken sanitation facilities, provide the mosquito nets and clean water. Also the government should appeal the people to implement the healthy life. For children, country, and the future. The fatal faults of adults, impact to the children. Nowadays, they have to face some big problems that they musn’t face. Innocent faces, should dropped out from school because of costs and fees, do not eat healthy food – or even rare to eat – because of the lack of money to buy the healthy food, working along the streets under the blazing sun, while the other children sitting on the chairs at school at the same time. Dropped out from school, leaving the dreams. Some of their parents made those faults, made the poverty. The laziness, mischiefs and riots when they were still in youths built a big problem, failure that making bankrupts and end with poverty. Regret comes late, so make it never happen. Parents who are failed in the term economy, ought not be fail at the family harmony and guiding children. Make them become worthy persons in the future, that lead the country becomes better and also decrease the rate of poverty in Indonesia, not only in Jakarta – even the world. For the government, they should distribute the agricultural assets, including land, and more access for the poor to better education and health facilities must be given as the first priority in poverty alleviation policies. No doubt, the poor are better off when the government gives more focus and run the functional organizations responsibility. Bibliography: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center (2000, June). Innocenti Report Card, Issue No. 1: A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations. Retrieved from http://www. unicef-irc. org/publications/pdf/repcard1e. pdf The World Bank in collaboration with UNICEF (2009). UNICEF Publications: Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Mozambique. Retrieved from http://www.unicef. org/publications/index_49325. html Richards, Jill (2007). The eHow Health: The Causes of Child Poverty. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_5375005_causes-child-poverty. html Ruslan, Kadir (2011, August 20). Jakarta, Kota Bercampurnya Kemakmuran dan Kemiskinan (Jakarta, the City of the Mixed of Prosperity and Poverty). Retrieved from http://sosbud. kompasiana. com/2011/08/20/jakarta-kota-bercampurnya-kemakmuran-dan-kemiskinan/ Tambunan, Tulus. Urban Poverty and Social Safety Net in Indonesia. Research Institute, Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LP3E-Kadin Indonesia). Retrieved from http://web. mac. com/adrianpanggabean/Loose_Notes_on_Indonesia/Poverty_files/tambunan%20urban%20poverty. pdf Lesmana, Teddy (2008). Sriwijaya Post: The Impacts of the Child Poverty. Retrieved from http://palembang. tribunnews. com/26/07/2010/dampak-kemiskinan-pada-anak Juliarny, Amalia and Erna Dewi Kusuma Ningrum (2011, September 8). Journal Psyche:The Efforts of Improving Achievements of the Street Children at Rumah Singgah, Bukit Duri, South Jakarta. Retrieved from http://blog. binadarma. ac. id/Amalia/? p=19 Emanuela, Maria (2010, May). Poverty is Affecting the 9 Years Study Programs. Retrieved from http://mariaemanuela19. blogspot. com/2010/05/kemiskinan-mempengaruhi-wajib-belajar-9_14. html Rukmana, Deden (April 8, 2007). Indonesia’s Urban Studies: Urban Poverty and Inequality in Jakarta. Retrieved from http://indonesiaurbanstudies. blogspot. com/2007/04/urban-poverty-and-inequality-in-jakarta. html.

Imposing and Exposing Values Essays

Imposing and Exposing Values Essays Imposing and Exposing Values Paper Imposing and Exposing Values Paper Imposing uses some type of force or manipulation or pressure for another to adopt or follow the same values as the one exerting the force. Exposing is simply putting or sharing ones values out there for others to take it or leave it. To expose your values means to open up and let it be seen, to speak up and tell people what your values are. An example would be youre pregnant teenager, and you tell your parents that you dont believe in abortion. Youre exposing your feelings, your values on that issue. To impose your values means to make people do things your way, that only your way is right its almost like forcing someone to do it your way. An example would be a teenager gets pregnant, wants an abortion, and her parents force her to carry the baby to term and raise it, saying as long as youre under my roof, youll do as I say. thats IMposing their values. Values based counselling means that the counselor is always pointing to a better way, meeting the client where he or she is at, and guiding that person towards a higher place: a place of deeper truth, a place of greater meaning. Non-values oriented counseling will simply seek to return the client to a functional level, or simply at a place that is best for them. Well in the example above what was best for the wife was divorce. Yet she may not realize, or even see, that there could be door for her that leads her to a joyful life with her husband. While we believe that all people have the capacity within them to change, that does not mean they can always see all the choices before them. Sometimes people are so heavily oppressed by their situation that they genuinely cannot see a way out, or are unable to discern the best possible path. This is where the values of the counselor are critical to effective therapy. Values are the whispers of our conscience that show us those things in our lives that need to change, they help us understand not only the problems in our lives, but why they were problems. Without values, we are unable to identify destructive behaviors and patterns of thoughts that cause pain and brokenness. Values allow us to learn from the past, let things go, and illuminate a new path towards a brighter future. And while we may never actually reach the ideal, it is instead the journey towards it that holds the joy of living; that we live a life always walking forward, towards a better place, one that is full of hope, experiencing true freedom and purpose every step of the way. I Dont Believe In Imposing Values On Clients This is probably the #1 concern we hear from professionals who feel hesitant about a transparent values approach regarding counseling and therapy. This section is written for therapists, but if you are a client this discussion may give you more insight into the world behind therapy. Most college textbooks will tell students of psychology to keep their values hidden to clients. This may have been true at one time, but with the vast use of the internet, it is a flawed premise based on a faulty assumption that clients are not pro-active in their mental health care. We will demonstrate why this philosophy of therapy is flawed with pro-active clients (it also should be stated that all clients who use the internet to find a therapist, are by definition, being pro-active in their mental health care). First lets define the difference between hidden values and transparent values therapy. 1. All therapists are human beings, and as human beings, all therapists also have a personal value system. 2. Therapists, the vast majority of them, do not compromise their own personal values in therapy. If you are a therapist, both points are going to be true. Counselors, regardless of their personal values, are neither expected to, nor do they by by practice, compromise themselves in therapy. But does (a) having personal values, and (b) not compromising values equate to (c) imposing values? It does not. So lets assume two hypothetical therapists, Therapist A who believes strongly against imposing values in Therapy, and keeps his/her values hidden from the client, and Therapist B with transparent values. What is the difference between these two therapists? Well, both of them have a set of personal values. The only difference is that Therapist B has made his/her values transparent to the client upfront, before therapy even begins. Transparency is the only difference, nearly the exact opposite of imposing. Hidden Values Are More Imposing Because all clients who use the internet to find a therapist are being pro-active in their health care, we make the case that a therapist who tries to keep his or her values hidden is far closer to imposing on a client, than a therapist who has those values transparent. With transparent values, the client knows the values upfront, and then can make the choice to see. or not to see. a therapist before spending any money, and before investing any energy. With a hidden values therapist, the client has already spent money, and has already invested time, energy, and emotions into therapy. The values of the therapist then leak into therapy over time, and the client discovers, over time, that the therapists values are polar opposite, and the client may feel defeated and give up counseling or go back to the search for a new therapist. Values and Beliefs It is not respectful to impose personal beliefs and values upon clients. It is the counsellor’s role to accept the client for who they are and where they currently are in their life. Geldard and Geldard (2005) emphasise that when a counsellor’s values are imposed on an individual, they tend to react by rejecting those values without consideration and withdrawing from counselling. An involuntary client, who is unable to physically withdraw from counselling, may withdraw emotionally, and become unmotivated to accept the counsellor’s suggestions. Imposing one’s values upon the client is indicative of judgement. Paradoxically, when therapists accept the client for the person they are regardless of their values, over time, the client’s values tend to grow closer to the values of the counsellor, as counsellors do become role models for their clients.

Free Essays on Copyright Law In Cyberspacce

Copyright Law in Cyberspace In the age of computers, copyrighted material has been widely abused. Most of copyright law was formulated in terms of books, audiovisual works, and sound recordings. Changing technology has led to an expanding understanding of the word "writings". The Copyright Act now reaches architectural design, software, the graphic arts, motion pictures, and sound recordings. While the basic principles of copyright law are the same for all media, it is not yet clear how some of these principles apply to the Internet. The Internet has opened up a gate to virtually unlimited copyright piracy. â€Å"The origin of copyright law lies more in the experiences with information and with print that occurred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than in an agreed-upon set of ideas about copying† (Katsh 225). The Constitution states: The Congress shall have power to promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. The Constitution gives Congress the power to enact laws establishing a system of copyright in the United States (Article I, Section 8, and U.S. Constitution). The first area of copyright infringement to be discussed is book piracy. In an age when manuscripts circulate in digital form and scanners can swiftly convert hard copy into material that can be emailed, books then are clearly vulnerable to piracy. â€Å"Many of the pirates are college students and teenagers, who are part of a movement that believes that the Internet differs from the established commercial marketplace. In one respect they are right: the Internet is a unique marketplace† (Paradise 231). As anyone who is connected to the Internet knows, the Internet suggests that a new, disquieting era for the publishing world may be in sight. This came about with the wide range of online learning courses being offered from many of... Free Essays on Copyright Law In Cyberspacce Free Essays on Copyright Law In Cyberspacce Copyright Law in Cyberspace In the age of computers, copyrighted material has been widely abused. Most of copyright law was formulated in terms of books, audiovisual works, and sound recordings. Changing technology has led to an expanding understanding of the word "writings". The Copyright Act now reaches architectural design, software, the graphic arts, motion pictures, and sound recordings. While the basic principles of copyright law are the same for all media, it is not yet clear how some of these principles apply to the Internet. The Internet has opened up a gate to virtually unlimited copyright piracy. â€Å"The origin of copyright law lies more in the experiences with information and with print that occurred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than in an agreed-upon set of ideas about copying† (Katsh 225). The Constitution states: The Congress shall have power to promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. The Constitution gives Congress the power to enact laws establishing a system of copyright in the United States (Article I, Section 8, and U.S. Constitution). The first area of copyright infringement to be discussed is book piracy. In an age when manuscripts circulate in digital form and scanners can swiftly convert hard copy into material that can be emailed, books then are clearly vulnerable to piracy. â€Å"Many of the pirates are college students and teenagers, who are part of a movement that believes that the Internet differs from the established commercial marketplace. In one respect they are right: the Internet is a unique marketplace† (Paradise 231). As anyone who is connected to the Internet knows, the Internet suggests that a new, disquieting era for the publishing world may be in sight. This came about with the wide range of online learning courses being offered from many of...

Persuasive Research Paper

Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive research paper: Lead-in! Persuasive research papers are general-purpose in high school and college-level English or writing classes. The main idea of a persuasive research paper is to argue a specific side of the question. To know some statement points will be helpful for you during your writing process. Your teacher should keep you focused on the main point. But before you start creating the persuasive research paper, you first must choose an issue/problem to persuade the reader about, decide on a side of the issue to argue and research that side. Persuasive research paper: How to Write a Good Persuasive Research Paper? If you asking yourself this question, you have some doubts in correct writing research papers. However, you should know that there is no hopeless situation. You can always find a way out, and you almost had done it. If you are reading this article and recognizing yourself, it would be better to continue reading. And now, if you still want to write a persuasive research work successfully you should follow next advices:Try to make a preliminary plan/ scheme of your research paper. Write your topic/ theme at the top of the plan. This will give you a guiding point. Remember that all points in your paper, and on the plan, should move around and support the thesis. So the thesis should state the issue and the side of the issue that you are arguing. Try to use at least three main headings in your plan. Titles should begin with Roman numerals (I, II, III) Use a general title to identify definite angle on the issue/problem to persuade. As a rule, persuasive research papers begin with common information and move toward more special information. Try to use at least two paragraphs for each main heading. Do not forget that paragraphs should be numerated with the capital letters. Paragraphs are used to explain the main idea of sub-titles. Try to use as much classification as possible in your plan. Use numbers in further separation of the paragraph. Further classifications are used to give more information about each paragraph to support the argument. Now, when you have divided your persuasive research paper into parts (paragraphs, chapters), you should include all the information from your research in the parts, where it belongs. Try to use whole the variety of sources. Use citations and well-known quotations for your sources to help you remember which source to use in the research paper. Source information should not be included as one of the main category; backwards, try to use it as a paragraph. Persuasive research paper: Flashback! Try to write persuasive research paper carefully and accurately. Only in such case you will get a good result, pay attention to the subject of writing and your personal style. Pay attention to errors! When you finished creating research, take a rest and later with new forces try to check your work. Hope, this article was useful for you, and you got some experience in writing persuasive research paper.

Relationship between christmas and religion Essay

Relationship between christmas and religion - Essay Example which were not directly related to Christianity, but were inspired from the former popular religion Pagan are Christmas tree, decoration on it and around it, gathering around it, stuffing stockings with goodies and hanging them on the top of fireplaces. Nevertheless, in the past exchange of presents and opening them on the day of Christmas was also not a part of Christmas tradition, but was supposed to be linked with New Year celebrations. In the contemporary world this occasion is not only associated to Christian faith only, but non-believers also celebrate it due to its global popularity, adaptability by the Western society, business and media publicity and promotion and eventually its acceptability by all faith holders. Now Christmas is a time of national holidays, time to bond with families, eat turkey, shop endlessly and exchange of gifts. It’s a time for which business entrepreneurs plan carefully and media gives full coverage to it worldwide. It gives a chance to job-tied people to relax and mingle with family and friends. Hence, Christmas holidays are celebrated around the globe with or without relating it to the Christian

Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Utilitarianism - Essay Example The paper will also give some examples to illustrate the situation. As mentioned above, maximum happiness and minimum suffering are the two central concepts of the Utilitarian approach. In other words, the Utilitarian view supports any course of action that would maximize the over wellbeing of the society, or the greatest number of people. According this philosophical theory, happiness of people has to be sacrificed only if such an act would bring greater happiness to more number of people. Stuart Mill, one of the major contributors to the theory of Utilitarianism, gives a clear-cut definition of Utilitarianism. According to him, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (as cited in Bykvist, 2010, p.21). As per the Utilitarian view, an action that would give happiness to greatest number of people is supportable even if it may physically or mentally harm some other people but fewer in numbers. One of the major criticisms against the Utilitarianism is that t his philosophical theory fails to define what will maximize happiness. Opponents claim that the notion of happiness may vary from person to person in accordance with their moral beliefs. In the words of Taranovsky (2003), another central concept of this moral theory is that one person’s happiness should never be more important than that of others and there is no good reason to follow a rule of conduct which is detrimental to the happiness of the majority of people. Under this concept, many fundamental laws of conduct and practices of justice are not supportable as they are not likely to make greatest number of people happy. Often, the most criticized aspect of Utilitarianism is that this ethical philosophy supports homicide under certain circumstances. According to Utilitarian approach, even homicide is justifiable if it contributes to the happiness

Impact of Dividend Policy on Share Price Research Paper

Impact of Dividend Policy on Share Price - Research Paper Example To understand the overall idea about the dividend policy, it is essential to categorize the policy. There are mainly two types of a dividend policy that is being followed by the corporate sector i.e. residual and managed. The residual dividend policy distributes cash among the shareholders. It is left after the business firm spends desirable amount for the purpose of investment, according to the NPV. The risk related to this dividend policy is very high due to highly variable in nature or it may be zero. On the other side, the managed dividend policy is mainly stressed to increase the return of the shareholders. The managers of the business firm who believe that dividend policy has a strong impact on the share price of firms. It generally uses this mechanism of dividend policy. The primary objective of this optimal dividend policy is to enhance the stock price trend of the business firm that results in maximization of shareholders’ wealth. Nowadays, the business firm relates the dividend policy with the product life cycle (PLC). For an example, a firm with large cash flow, high growth rate and lower trends in project appraisal tries to pay more dividends to the shareholder, as the earnings of the firm are comparatively high. The firms with high growth rate follow different interesting patterns in order to change the pattern of such decisions and enhance the complexity (Lease, 56). If the earnings of business firms are increased, then the dividend should increase too. On the other side, the dividend cut denotes the decreasing trend of earnings.

Nutrition discussion Unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition discussion Unit 4 - Essay Example A checklist where dietician enters pertinent information about the patient is used. Since the rest of the team requires drawing reference to the information, the form is placed on the patient’s medical record. The process of checking the nutritional status of a patient is a four-step model. Every in-patient checking to the hospital must receive nutritional screening to determine whether they face nutritional impairment or not Coulston & Boushey (2013). Thorough screening is run on patients who are at risk of nutritional impairment and a nutritional support program is developed and initiated by the dietician. Monitoring to the patient is done to ensure positive response to the program. Although hospitals have been running these tests on patients, they have not put enough emphasis on the Programme. Out patients rarely receive the tests, yet they could also be suffering from the problem. The program is very expensive and only sustainable to patients who can afford it. Though hospitals are trying to eliminate cases of malnourishment, a lot more need be

Cause and effect of carotid stenosis Research Paper

Cause and effect of carotid stenosis - Research Paper Example Carotid Artery stenosis disease can be caused by atherosclerosis, which is a state whereby the arteries are hardened because of cholesterol, fat and other substances buildup in the lining of the arteries’ walls (Henry, 2004). This condition leads to the complication of the carotid arteries. As the disease becomes more complicated, it can create a more serious problem since the atherosclerotic plaques can rapture and cause the formation of a blood clot and arterial blockage or the plaque materials can move to the brain causing stroke or a transient ischemicattack (TIA) (Henry, 2004). Carotid artery disease is, therefore, a frequently threat cause for the transient ischemicattacks (TIAs) and stroke. TIA/mini stroke is a kind of disease that is caused by the momentary obstruction of the blood supply to some parts of the brain, leading to a reversible loss of brain function that usually continues for less than a day. According to Chartuvedi (2004), TIA can be a warning of a looming stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) that occurs when the supply of blood to the brain is cut for a longer time leading to the deficient of oxygen to the brain cells and eventually leading to the death of the blood cells Carotid stenosis can also be caused by being overweight more so in adults, which may make one have weight that is above the required weight for a normal human being, excess weight increases the risk of getting carotid stenosis. Overweight is caused by taking in diet that has more calories that exceeds the normal calories that is required in our body. Excess weight can also occur when the calorie intake is not in balanced. This, in turn, can lead to the blockage of arteriosclerosis artery leading to the formation of plaque in the artery hence causing the carotid artery stenosis (Moussa, Rundek & Mohr, 2007). If this can continue for a long period of time then it can lead to the formation of obesity, risks of serious diseases like the heart

Nutrition discussion Unit 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition discussion Unit 4 - Essay Example A checklist where dietician enters pertinent information about the patient is used. Since the rest of the team requires drawing reference to the information, the form is placed on the patient’s medical record. The process of checking the nutritional status of a patient is a four-step model. Every in-patient checking to the hospital must receive nutritional screening to determine whether they face nutritional impairment or not Coulston & Boushey (2013). Thorough screening is run on patients who are at risk of nutritional impairment and a nutritional support program is developed and initiated by the dietician. Monitoring to the patient is done to ensure positive response to the program. Although hospitals have been running these tests on patients, they have not put enough emphasis on the Programme. Out patients rarely receive the tests, yet they could also be suffering from the problem. The program is very expensive and only sustainable to patients who can afford it. Though hospitals are trying to eliminate cases of malnourishment, a lot more need be

Modern day America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Modern day America - Essay Example Therefore, the culture of any community in any part of the world is superior regarding the operations of people. It should be understood that there is no culture that is superior to the other; all cultures are superior in their different ways. Culture in all of its forms concerns itself with religion, food, and even on what to wear and the way of wearing it. Furthermore, different people from different origins have a language of communication that forms part of its culture. Marriage and music including the way people greet visitors are also some of the dimensions of culture. Therefore, culture is everything common and acceptable to a group of people. It is, therefore, the intention of this paper to provide a detailed discussion of the similarities and differences of cultures at the colonies to that of modern day America. In addition, the paper seeks to provide a brief description of John Adams movie. The culture of certain communities within the colonies and that of the modern day America remain different in a number of ways. The difference is, more so, regarding the so many communities living in these places. In addition, food and clothing of the different groups bring to the forefront the diversity of cultures even in areas that people may look at and think they are minute. The United States of America has a diverse culture of its people because of the large population of more than three hundred and twenty million people. In addition, the Native Americans, Latin Americans and the Africans and the Asians influenced the culture of United States because of migrations. To a larger extent, the United States is called the melting point because of the meeting of so many different cultures that meet and stand influencing other cultures. For instance, it is because of the diversity of cultures in America that the word â€Å"western culture† often refers to cultures in the United States and Europe. On the other hand, the culture of the communities in the

Final Project Outline Essay Example for Free

Final Project Outline Essay 1. Slide One (Introduction): â€Å"Should there be a set of uniform moral standards?† Speaker Notes: With the way the worlds is today and as the younger kids begin to mature, they have not been taught morals and if they have been taught morals, they seem to leave them at their door step as they venture out into the world of society. In order for society to live in peace and harmony, the United States would need to create uniform moral standards where everyone would have the expectation of abiding by the standards supported by laws. 2. Slide two: Moral Standards Speaker Notes: Morals are described as how people should behave when it comes to right and wrong. Some moral standards could be absolutely no prejudice, absolutely no lying, and people must treat other people with respect and courtesy. 3. Third slide: Levels of punishment. Speaker Notes- Levels of punishment should vary based on the crime committed. When one has a first time offense, one should receive a lower level punishment verse someone who continues to be a repeat offender, which would deserve the maximum punishment. I strongly believe that if a set of uniform moral standards were put into place the world would be a better place. Crime and corruption would be down. Maybe they should think about the way that foreign countries have a â€Å"set of uniform moral standards,† such as if someone is caught stealing they lose a finger. There will always be people who will disagree to the standards but that is to be expected because some people just are set in there ways but that comes with the territory and they deal with the issues now so what would be the difference? 4. Fourth slide: Deciding Moral Standards Speaker Notes- Based on a voting system, a sheet containing morals standards would be dispersed and the ones that not voted for would be taken off the sheet. After a final review and decision, the U.S. would forward the sheet to Congress for a concrete decision and then become a law. 5. Fifth slide: Society and Moral Standards Speaker Notes: Society and Moral Standards would have to be implemented and given a chance to work before a proper judgment could be decided. Until this happens they would be looked at in a negative way. Even though our country is in an economic crisis, others are still moving here because their country is in worse shape than ours. With the way of the world today people are just walking around in a self-centered mode worrying about them and having no conscience of their moral or ethical accountability. Negativity seems to plague this world like a man-made disease. 6. Sixth slide: Retribution Speaker Notes: This seems to be the only way to get people to understand what is going on. Standards have to be set and followed and if they are not followed or laws are broken then the responsible parties that are disobedient to the laws or standards have to be held accountable and punished to be taught a lesson and possibly send a message to future people who intend to do the same. 7. Seventh slide: The Supreme Court Speaker Notes: Beings that the Supreme Court is the highest ranking court in the U.S., having them make the final decision on moral standards will send the message that the standards are set in stone and are not open for review. This gives the people a chance to vote and set their own standards that they themselves have voted in and must abide by. 8. Eighth slide: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Speaker Notes: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) created the â€Å"Categorical Imperative†, in which he believed that practical reasoning, free will, and necessary action are what drives a person to do what they feel is right. 9. Ninth slide: John Locke (1632-1704) Speaker Notes: The freedom of religion and natural rights was promoted and endorsed by John Locke who was a huge activist. He felt that survival continued to breathe because of following God’s law that coincides with a  natural moral law. He was a firm believer of â€Å"do unto others as you would have others do unto you.† If people continue to live right then eventually God’s law will prevail. 10. Tenth slide: St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Speaker Notes: St. Aquinas was a Christian who made the Five Ways. These ways were a way that this philosopher looked to prove that God was real. Being a believer in God this philosopher had faith in what was right and what was wrong. Cosmological argument, moral argument, and the argument of design made up the Five Ways that this philosopher created. 11. Eleventh slide (conclusion): Speaker Notes: I strongly believe that if a set of uniform moral standards were put into place the world would be a better place. Crime and corruption would be down. Maybe they should think about the way that foreign countries have a â€Å"set of uniform moral standards,† such as if someone is caught stealing they lose a finger. There will always be people who will disagree to the standards but that is to be expected because some people just are set in there ways but that comes with the territory and they deal with the issues now so what would be the difference? No matter where we go in this world there will be people who have good morals, bad morals, and some just will not care. The bottom line is as a living species on this earth one must be able to improvise, over come, and adapt to their surroundings whether it is to their benefit or not. Moore Bruder, 2008 Retrieved September 15, 2010 from Axia College PHI105 website

Mentoring in Practice

Mentoring in Practice Thembelani Dube Mentoring is described by Kinnell and Hughes(2010) as the transferring of knowledge ,skills and attitudes from health professionals to the students that they are working with. The royal college of nursing states that the role of the mentor is to enable the student to make sense of their practice through the application of theory, assessing, evaluating and giving constructive feedback and facilitating reflection on practice, performance and experiences. the NMC(2008) adds that a mentor is a nurse ,midwife or specialist public health nurse who facilitates learning, supervises and assesses students in a practice setting. The Nursing and Midwifery council (NMC,2006) have set standards for Nursing and Midwifery practice education, the standards to support learning and assessment in practice(SLAIP). The eight standards are a mandatory requirement for both students and mentors. The standards clearly outline the mentor’s responsibility for developing and ensuring the practice competence of students and provide a more defined statement regarding accountability for decisions that lead to entry to the professional register. These domains are going to be discussed individually in depth. Establishing effective working relationships Mentorship is the process that allows transference of knowledge, skills and attitudes from health professionals to the students that they are working with (kinnell and Hughes 2010). Wilson (2014) in his study concluded that mentoring involves modelling nursing practice, selecting learning opportunities for students, articulating one’s own practical and theoretical knowledge and assessing student’s competence in practice. By being role models, mentors provide an observable image of imitation, demonstrating skills and qualities for the student to emulate, Ness (2010). Wilkes(2006) points out that it is important to establish an effective working relationship where a mentor offers support but can also be objective and analytical. The student mentor relationship is crucial to the student’s learning experience particularly because the mentor’s role includes assessment of practice. Gopee (2011) listed some of the qualities of a mentor as nurturing, role modellin g, focusing on the professional development of the student, sustaining a caring relationship over time and functioning as teacher, sponsor, encourager and friend, Beskine (2009) suggests that orientation is the gateway to a successful placement. Starting off well promotes the quality of the placement. To establish an effective working relationship with the student a mentor should start by orientating a student to the placement, this provides an opportunity for the student to express any concerns. However the RCN (2007) recommends that in preparation of the placement a checklist should be discussed on the first day of working and this should include an up to date orientation pack. Walsh (2010) adds that there are two major facets to establishing effective working relationships, managing the student’s first day and week in a productive and welcoming way and mentor’s good use of communication skills and active listening. Gopee (2011) states that skills and techniques of communication are some of the most important tools the person undertaking the mentor’s role has to utilise. Facilitation of learning The major role of the mentor is to assist and encourage students to link theory and practice in a practical setting (Botma et-al,2013) the author adds that the student should be passionate, eager to learn, participate and be committed to make the relationship work. A study done by Jokelainen et-al(2010) identifies that facilitation of learning includes advance planning of training and placement learning , which includes ensuring planning and organising learning opportunities and being aware of details of the student and their training documents. Naming mentors and organising the student’s first day at work and ensuring that the student has the same shifts as the mentor. The NMC(2008) code of practice specifies that the registered nurse must be willing to share skills and experience for the benefit of others and has a duty to facilitate students and others to develop their competence. Wilson (2013) recommends that in order to facilitate learning, nurses should include students in their daily work, teaching clinical skills, giving written and verbal feedback. Aston and Hallam (2011) agrees that facilitation of learning includes planning relevant experiences for students, providing support and assessing clinical performance. However Kinnell and Hughes(2010) argues that finding out how a person learns is the key, this area should not be underestimated as it requires thought, insight and clinical background. The authors confirms that it is worth spending some time to think the student, the level they are at and what the best strategy would be to ensure their learning and development is facilitated appropriately depending on where they are at on their cou rse. Walsh(2010) identifies that there are many different theories and models of learning , but the three major ones are behaviourist, humanistic and cognitive. Gopee(2011) states that the humanistic learning theories have been developed with regards to how learning occurs. Carl Rogers’ student centred approach to learning reveals that a learning environment where a learner feels able to speak their mind and give their views is a healthy one. Thus mentors provides a safe, encouraging environment, guides the student to resources and opportunities and facilitates the student’s exploration of them. Marslow’ s humanistic hierarchy of needs model(1943) identifies that student mentor relationship and the learning environment are important elements of learning as this would ease anxieties and give the student a sense of belonging therefore enabling the student to achieve their learning needs. Malcolm knowles’s andragogy learning theory(1990) highlights that it is important to acknowledge students as adult learners.it describes adult learners as being more self directive, motivated and having a wealth of experience. Therefore it is important how mentors relate to and teach their students most of whom are readily regarded as adult learners. Assessment and accountability Kinnell and Hughes(2010) believes that it is a statutory requirement to assess healthcare students, it is necessary to assess student nurses during their training in order to licence them as competent practitioners and subsequently protect the public. Assessments highlight weaknesses and strengths and provides a baseline for future learning needs Nicklin and Kenworthy(1995).There are many methods of assessment including testimonies, reflective writing or discussions, direct observation and feedback from colleagues. Gopee(2011) points out that there are a number of other essential facets of assessment, this part is going to discuss formative and summative. The primary aim of the formative assessment is to promote learning so that the learner can do the skill safely and effectively and knows the rationale for each step of the intervention. Summative are conducted to determine whether the learner is now competent to work without direct supervision. it is summative that constitute a peri odic record of the student’s achievement of the aims and outcomes of a course or module. The NMC(2008) requires that most assessment of competence are to be undertaken through direct observation in practice and therefore registered nurses have a duty to facilitate students to develop their competence, they are accountable for ensuring that the individual who undertakes the work is able to do so and they are given appropriate support and supervision. Andrews et-al (2010)comments that assessment has become a major element of the mentor’s role. Many take on the role willingly but when faced with the notions of continuing assessment process become overwhelmed by the responsibility. Many nurses have difficulty taking responsibility for the student learning, especially making decisions about competency required while Lauder et-al (2008) argues that while mentors are crucial to developing students ’achievement of fitness to practice, they are hampered by lack of time to undertake the role. Walsh(2010) identifies that because the assessment process is for a whole host of good reasons it must be very robust. lt should accurately enable mentors to make realistic judgements about the students’ level of competence and thus whether to pass them or not. For the student a good assessment process also gives them valuable feedback, it helps them to identify what they need to do and enables them to set realistic future goals. NMC (2008) validity for assessment ensures that assessments measures what it’s designed to measure, there are two important key issues, how to measure and what to measure. The code of conduct points out that as professionals, nurses are personally accountable for their actions and omissions in practice areas and must always be able to justify decisions therefore it is important that weak students are identified early and given the right encouragement and support, and concerns are dealt with in a timely manner. Sharples et-al(2007)points out that it is wrong to assume that all students entering clinical placement will have the knowledge, skills and attitude to be successful. They will always be students who struggle to achieve competence and mentors who fail to evaluate a learner’s unsatisfactory performance accurately are said to be guilty of misleading the learner, and potentially putting the patient care at risk and thus failing in their accountability to the NMC (2006). The Duffy report of (2004) ‘failing to fail’ concluded that there are several reasons why some mentors are failing to fail students like not identifying problems early to the student therefore not giving the student sufficient time to improve, leaving it too late and that mentors may give students the benefit of the doubt when it comes to a final judgement regarding their clinical competence. Failing to fail creates poor standards, it leads to having practitioners entering the profession that are not fit for practice (Wells and McLoughin,2014) Evaluation of learning Mentors have the responsibility of developing the practice learning experience they are providing for students, evaluating how effective or ineffective the practice environment helps to fulfil this role (Aston and Hallam,2011).NMC(2008b)requires that registered nurses participate in self- and peer evaluation to facilitate personal development and contribute towards the development of others. In a mentor’s role the term evaluation is used in the context of the student’s practice learning experience. Evaluation assist in identifying areas that need to be improved as well as what is working well, it enables mentors to improve their mentorship skills and the learning experience for future students. NMC (2010) points out that feedback from students and mentors is used to inform the programme and enhance the practice learning experience. Elcock and Sharpes (2011) adds that just as evaluation is the key for improvement, without it there is a risk of making the same mistake ove r and over again. Aston and Hallam(2011) comments that evaluation is not to be confused with assessing as this is to measure the overall value of the learning experience or how worthwhile the practice learning opportunity has been. The process of evaluation involves obtaining feedback from relevant people, reviewing and discussing the feedback and planning action to implement change, and this can either be formal or informal Price (2006). Kinnell and Hughes states that mentors and students are exposed to a variety of evaluation approaches, from patient care to facilitation of learning. Students are required by the universities to evaluate their experiences in practice at the end of each placement and this contributes to the university quality assurance process Elcock and Sharples(2011). Students are asked to reflect on their practice placement and comment on the experience that they have gained based on four dimensions, the mentorship process, the available learning resources, their mentor and the qua lity of the practice placement.it will be at this stage that action of plan is developed if there are issues to be addressed. Creating an environment for learning. Walsh (2010) states that this domain entails helping a student identify their learning needs. Students develop their attitudes, competence, interpersonal communication skills, critical thinking and clinical problem solving abilities in the clinical learning environment (Dunn and Hansford,1997)feeling part of the team is the key factor in student’s feeling that they fit in and they are then able to learn. Aston and Hallam (2011) have identified that another way in which mentors can provide consistency in an approach to providing good learning opportunities for students is to identify what experiences you can provide that will enable students to achieve their competencies. A rapidly embraced and welcomed student is one who will be able to take advantage of the learning opportunities early on in their placement, in contrary a student that feels excluded and unwelcomed will likely shy away, withdraw and have raised anxieties regarding their chances of achieving learning outcomes. kinnell and Hughes(2010) points out that mentors need to appreciate the importance of understanding the healthcare students and the potential individual needs that they have as this will influence the student mentor relationship. Nicklin and Kenworthy(1995) identified some issues that characterise a good learning environment and they included a supportive mentor, that is able to identify learning opportunities for the student and is able to respond to differing learning styles of individual students. Finding out what stage the student is at in their training and what their particular needs and interests are aids in creating an environment for learning for the student. Walsh (2010) states that consistency, a patient and understanding mentor, protecting student supernumerary status and giving a student a time to reflect creates a good learning environment. Hand(2006) indicated that factors that are important for the creation of a positive learning environment are said to be a humanistic approach, where all staff are kind, genuine, approachable and promote self-esteem and confidence to students, good team spirits with respect and trust, high standards of care being provided using efficient but flexible approaches as well as teaching students as a key feature. Context of practice and evidence based practice The slaip document cements that mentors need to contribute to the development of an environment in which effective practice is fostered, implemented, evaluated and disseminated. Being a mentor does not only mean direct involvement in facilitation learning and assessment but it also challenges them to consider their own evidence base and standards of practice Elcock and Sharples (2011). Kinnell and Hughes suggests that mentors must therefore remember that the end result of evidence based practice is the ability to offer research- based findings in order to justify aspects of care delivery and rationale experiences encountered by patients throughout their healthcare journey. Walsh (2010) says that by adhering to the local policies and procedures and mandatory training is another way for mentors to achieve their use of evidence based practice. In context of practice, mentors are required by the Nursing and midwifery council to demonstrate their ongoing knowledge, skills and competence and that this should be reviewed and assessed at annual updates and triennial reviews. Duffy (2012) suggests that nurses should have a portfolio of evidence to demonstrate updating and maintenance of competence as a mentor. The aim of annual updating is to ensure that all mentors and practice teachers continue to understand issues relating to supporting students, understand the implications of changes to NMC requirements, have current knowledge of NMC approved programmes and make valid and reliable assessments of competence and fitness for safe and effective practice Elcock and Sharples(2011)and NMC(2008). Leadership Leadership is an integral role that mentors have to undertake. Kinnell and Hughes(2011) identify that the mentor’s role is forever changing as they are expected to be co-ordinaters of patient care, a care manager, an expert in their own clinical field and they are also expected to teach and assess healthcare students within their commitment to mentorship. Gopee(2011) establishes that mentors leadership role is crucial in practice at facilitating student’s learning.One of the NMC(2008) outcomes of leardership domain requires that mentors provide feedback about the effectiveness of learning and assessment in practice. Anderson (2011)adds that helpfull feedback should be based on a recognised model of assessment feedback such as ‘praise sandwich’ and Duffy(2013) confirms that mentors need to provide students with regular feedback on their performance, this is integral to the assessment process. Kinnell and Hughes(2011) identified a number of leadership styles such as autocratic, consultative, democratic and laissez-faire, a mentor should have an insight into different leadership ship styles and evaluate the one that appears to be dominant within their practice placement and how that style could influence the student’s experience. This assignment has highlighted the impotence of the SLAIP domains as a guidance for mentors. It has explored the qualities and the skills that mentors need to fullful their roles in order to capitalize on the student’s learning experience whilst working towards developing a competent practitioner. 2700(words)Page 1

Experiences In A Society From Cat On A Hot Tin Roof Essay -- essays re

Love, Greed, and the Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams is a play about the experiences in society. Among these experiences is death, communication, and honesty amongst men. Big Daddy has everything he needs. Brick got everything he wanted as a child. Yet Big Daddy learns later from Brick that there wasn’t one worldly possession that could satisfy Brick’s yearning for love from his father. Brick understands that the world is so focused on money and physical possessions that he isolates himself from this world. He wanted one thing from the world and his father, love. That is why he doesn’t want the money, land, and blue chip stocks. He just wanted Big Daddy to love him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fear of Death is one of the experiences in a society. Big Daddy talks a little bit about what he thought when it was suggested that he might have cancer. â€Å"A man can’t buy back his life when his life is finished. That’s a sobering thought, a very sobering thought, and that’s a thought that I was turning over in my head, over and over and overuntil today.†(Williams 65) He also moves on to talk about the burden of cancer being lifted. â€Å"I let many chances slip by because of scruples about it, scruples, convention crap†¦All that stuff is bull, bull, bull!It took the shadow of death to make me see it. Now that shadow’s lifted, I’m going to cut loose and have, what is it they call it, have me a b...

Apartheid Sources Question Essay

Part 2: Explain whether any one of the factors in the list was more important than the others. The ending of white minority rule in South Africa was down to a mixture of all of these points. Without all of these points, the ending of the majority rule might not have happened. All of the points form the international isolation all of the way up to the actions of De Klerk contributed to the end of the majority rule. However, if I had to put them into order of importance, I would say that Mandela’s actions were the most important, closely followed by the actions of De Klerk. Nelson Mandela was the one most involved with the ending of the majority rule, as he has the most links with the different points. Firstly, Mandela was responsible for the organization of the MK, and for many of the other ANC movements and many other black protests. He was an inspiration for many of the protests and riots even when he was in prison. If he hadn’t have done any of these things in the first place, then the government would not have imprisoned him, and then he would not have gained the international and political attention that he did while he was in prison. This international and political awareness of the problems in South Africa that Nelson Mandela caused also brought around the economic sanctions. The sanctions and the vast disinvestments had put South Africa’s economy into considerable trouble, and this is what drove De Klerk to realise that the Apartheid had to be stopped. If he had not realised this, then he would not have come to power in South Africa, and he would not have released Mandela from prison, starting the negotiations that led to the CODESA talks. De Klerk was also pressured into these actions by the increased violence caused by black protests and riots after Mandela’s release. Again, if Mandela had not have been around, the inspiration would not have been there, the MK would not have been set up, and who knows what would have happened. Another link with Mandela is the fact that De Klerk decided to talk to him instead of one of the other black rights leaders around at the time. This is down to the fact that De Klerk saw Mandela as someone he could compromise with him, a reasonable man who would see things fairly, and would not solely be out for revenge. If Mandela had not of been perceived like this by De Klerk, then it is possible that De Klerk would have followed the same route as his predecessors had, and he could have just continued with the idea of apartheid, and white minority rule. Therefore, without all of Mandela’s actions, De Klerk would not have been as effective in the ending of white minority rule in South Africa, the economic sanctions might not have been used as early as they were, or to such a great extent, and the pressure from the black protests would not have been as strong as it was. However, along with Mandela’s actions, the other factors had to take place themselves, and without these, the end of the white minority rule would not have been reached when it was.

Maintaining Computer Systems Essay

Polices are something that are needed in the work place because they make sure that all the information that is collected is both safe and secure but also making sure that the information isn’t leaked outside the company. The information that can be leaked from a company is ranged from personal information of the employees that work there or something that will allow the company to lose many millions of pounds, if this happens, the company could be forced into legal proceedings to protect its own interests. As well as attempting to steal the leaked information, the information could also be used for reasons such as discriminating, harassing against or earning a profit against them and the information. All the different examples can be related back to the Data Protection Act (1998), Computer Misuse Act (1990) and the Copyright Design and Patents Act (1988) this is the protection of any material created meaning that it can‘t be copied by anyone without permission, this act also gives the creator the freedom to take someone to court if they feel their product has been used in a way they have no permission too. Without certain acts being put into place someone could easily take the information from one person and pretend to be them in a different place, either on the internet or within the work place. Repercussions could mean the user loses their job or money because it would look like they would be doing things they shouldn’t be. Issues There are many different issues that organisations will have to deal with somewhere down the line such as data going missing or the theft or breakages of systems, the company will have different procedures that would need to be put into the place before the problems arise so they can be prepared and can act quickly, this would be to avoid losing hours of work. Health and Safety As everything else that is put into the workplace, a fully working and up-to-date health and safety legislation is needed to be put into place. This is to allow the workers to feel completely safe within the work environment and examples include CCTV cameras and fire alarms and equipment, these are checked regularly to make sure they are fully operational. The health and safety policy is put in place to also protect the business because if a worker is found to have hurt themselves but the company would be seem to not be at fault because of the policy being put in place. There are other forms of health and safety that workers would need to be aware of when working such as electrocution when using the system, trapping parts of themselves within the computer system (for example, trapping a finger within a part of the computer such as the fan,) fire and static shocks. Some of these can be stopped by the user such as waiting for the computer to be off before attempting to change or fix any parts and therefore reducing the chance of being electrocuted and leaving no chance of being a finger trapped within the computer system, but sometimes there are things that would be out of the individual’s control such as fires but when this type of problem arises, that’s when it would be up to the company to fix and sort out, rather than the individual. The precautions that can be taken by the individual can include taking fire safety training courses; this allows the user to be ready for any emergency that could come up and would save the company vast amounts of money. Other precautions that can be completed by the individual can include wearing a band that stops electrics shocks to the user, these can help to company not lose any hours that could be spent working but it can also make a worker seem highly needed and important to the team, therefore these small changes can be good on both scales.

Paul Kennedys arguments on the rise and fall of great powers Essay

In the world’s history, the face of the earth has witnessed power supremacy between various countries and states. All along from the Spanish rein in their days on the sun, the Britain, France and now the US. All this scenes on the globe have a significant impact on the relative powers on the either side. The outstanding issue is not the power but forces behind that power rise, sustainability and its fall. Therefore this essay shall examine the ways of measuring this power sustainability according to the Paul Kennedy’s perspective in his argument on the rise and fall of major world powers. Introduction  Professor Paul Kennedy argues about how predictable and determinable is the raising and declining of the major powers in his book entitled: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000. In this book he presents the parameters which are used to measure the prospects and indicators of rising and decline of world’s major power. Furthermore, arguments are presented together with empirical studies of the major world powers, which encompass both political and economical dimensions of the Great Powers. This studies rates and discusses the rise and their fall from 1500 to 1980. Additionally, apart from exclusively discussion their rise and fall, his argument goes beyond the prevalent conditions and projects the future of the US, Japan, China, European Economic Commission and USSR. The core of the Kennedy’s argument is that the strength of a power of a nation or a state can only be measured relative to the other existing powers . In this connection, the fundamental issue that he uses as a scale is the fact that major powers rising, falling and their sustainability entirely depend on the available resources and economic durability and military strength relative to its requirements for prospering. Therefore, the argument for measuring the decline or prosperity of a given world power is through military power and its inputs and the economic and productive power. The two measuring devices employed by Professor Paul Kennedy 20 year earlier are the central base for this essay paper. Through use of military and economic propensity this essay shall examine the major world powers their rise and decline. Also related to the Kennedy’s argument is the prediction of the decline of the USSR and US as a major world power or super power , while prediction of gradual but steady raise of china as a major power. The central thesis of Paul Kennedy is that the power of a state needs to be maintained and sustained. Therefore the more the power of a state increases, the more resources shall be needed to maintain. The maintenance of a power should be balance between both in military and economic power . But when more state resources are devoted towards maintaining military power in long term it weakens the power and directs it to the path of decline. While when productivity economy slightly overweighs military expenditure the power is stable and can be maintained. Therefore the key driver of the power of a state entirely relies on the economic component of the power. Thus the main argument is; power can only be maintained by a prudent balance between the creation of wealth and military expenditure. Therefore the essay shall closely look at this argument that emphasizes on the power measuring parameter using the balance between wealthy creation and military expenditure. In order to do this effectively the essay shall evaluate how reliable and valid is the argument basing on the major historical world powers; especially the Germany, France, US, Moguls of India, Ottoman Empire, USSR, China, Japan and Great Britain. Measures for rise and fall of a great power state The countries in this regard power can only be measured and gauged with each other only when their military mighty sustainability costs balances with their economic production or wealth creation through investments or production of gods and services. 0 years earlier Paul Kennedy researched, wrote and interpreted the major world power how they rose over the years into their day on sun and the dark side of their power into decline. Therefore at this point it is worthy to examine how relevant are the two measuring parameter and how realistic are they to today’s reality on our globe, traced from the past and extrapolated into the future. Economic and productive power The key driver of the power of a state entirely relies on the economic component of the power in terms of its productivity. This is because as the government running, planning and execution of the plans depends on the engine of the economy. Most evident is that, British financial strength was the single most decisive factor in its victories over France during the 19th century. Therefore in this argument Professor Kennedy argues that it is possible to detect the rise and fall of different powers in the world by looking at the economic indices. In this regard economic power dictates the power prosperity. For instance the economic dimension is important to maintain the military mighty. In this connection, economic production should overweigh or balance the expenditure to the military sector. For example Spain, Britain, France and Netherlands military expenditure overweighed their economic production that has lead to their declines since then. Addition to that, we can agree today that during the entire 19th to early 20th century the Great Britain was the fore front in the entire world as a great power. The reason for its being on the fore front was the fact that industrial revolution placed it on that position. This is can be empirically evident that Britain per capita grew from 10, 16, 25, 64, 87 and 100 in 1750, 1800, 1830, 1860, 1880, and 1900 respectively. At this time France which was a relative competitor for this great power had its per capita from 9, 9, 12, 20, 28 and 39 in 1750, 1800, 1830, 1860,1880 and 1900 respectively . Therefore gauging at these two difference in the production of the in terms of industrial per capita, it implies that the UK had an upper hand even in financing its major military operations than France therefore can maintain the slot of being major power on the globe . Another indicator that is used to measure the rising and declining power under the economic and productive power; is the relative share of the worlds manufacturing outputs. In this respect, great power states manufacturing output can really determine the peaks and troughs of power. For example UK’s output is1. 9 percent in 1750, then in 1860 it was at 19. 9 percent, and 22. 9 percent in the year 1880. While china’s starts at an index of 32. 8% in 1750 and declines to19. % in 1860, after the Taiping Rebellion and Opium Wars ; then declines further to 12. 5% in 1880. The two combinations give an insight of the power that is capable financially so that it can be able to run its functions effectively. In this light, statistics of war time indicates that during its reign Britain was capable to maintain its war expenditures effectively. Thus in 1688 to 1815 the total wartime expenses were ? 2,293,483,437 , Britain income was pitched at  Ã‚ £ 1,622,924,377. Thus it only had a balance of  £ 670,559,060. But from 1890s the US economy overtook that of Britain and Germany to become the world super power together with other political factors . Thirdly the measures can be in today’s economic environment through the use of the states share of the total world GDP which is a round $45 to $50 trillion. At this juncture Kennedy’s argument predicts the decline of the US as a world super power. Since the share of the US in the world GDP ever declining since 1945 when it over took from Britain. In fact China is a major threat to the US as a world great power. To this effect the statistics indicates that China’s total GDP will be higher than that of the US by 2025, if the trading systems are not interfered with by natural calamities or human caused activities. Military power Military power is necessary to safeguard the overall power and the economic power of the state. Military power is the symbol of real and hard power. All great powers that rose in the face of the earth had a relatively stronger military power that enabled the m defeat major battles and wars. For instance the Germany, France, Britain, Spain and Soviet Union . But that one does not exempt the central thesis of the discussion; power sustainability can only be achieved through a balance between the wealth creation and the military expenditure that do not over stretch the economy of the state. In this regard at the beginning of the 16th century, Spain was the worlds and European great power with excellent armed forces . This made it powerful. But the argument is the measure for this power sustainability; that makes it relative to either prevail or decline. Therefore fort the Spain’s case, this excellent army required sustenance from economic resources. Which were over spent on a higher scale from Spain’s mismanaged resources, deficit budgeting and inflation. Hence in the long run it declined as a major power. The French also saw the same way as Spain at end of the 17th. Whereby France mismanaged its economic resources that was largely used for supporting an increasingly expensive regular armed forces until the period of the American Revolutionary that led to the French Revolution making this expenditures too huge for the economy top support that ended in a bankruptcy ; hence its decline. Britain on the other hand had to have a loan to finance its military campaigns, making it use more of the resources than what it creates as economical input. On the other hand the on his prediction for decline of the US as a major world power in terms of it’s overstretch on the military expenditures, it is evident that US is spending too much on the military. For instance nuclear full-fleet carrier of the US navy that is 20 storey high, that displaces105, 000 tonnes of water. This total expenditure for construction is about $28 billion , which is greatest budget ever in the world’s history. In general, US defense budget only accounts for just over half of total defense expenditure in the world. This together with other reasons makes US ever crisis as a super power. Conclusion The argument of Kennedy Paul about the rise and fall of the world’s greatest powers over human history is to a great extend valid. However it is not 100% accurate and any where in this universe it can not happen. Basing on his central thesis of the argument that; the power measuring parameter using the balance between wealthy creation and military expenditure. The essay has explored these measuring devises used by professor Paul indeed there is some validity in this claims. For instance, china over currently has concentrated on the wealth creation by production and controlled minimal military expenditure: has seen to pose a threat to US supremacy. Therefore whenever the governance system fails to balance there scorecards between the economic output and inputs to sustain military force activities the decline shall be knocking at the door. Whereas the reverse is true.

The Great Depression and American isolationism affect on FDR's desire Essay

The Great Depression and American isolationism affect on FDR's desire to take an active role in international affairs in the manner of TR and Wilson - Essay Example According to Michael Leigh, FDR never made any attempt to persuade US public regarding ending of isolation. He also says that FDR had enormous preoccupation with the public opinion. (http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19950501fareviewessay5045/paul-johnson/the-myth-of-american-isolationism-reinterpreting-the-past.html ). This view contradicts the famous fireside chats of FDR to some extent, because he was a humanitarian and the Nazi killings must have worried him. At the same time, he moulded the public opinion towards participation in the war. Initially, that is before the Pearl Harbour, Roosevelt did value the American public opinion which was combined with the caution of Great Depression and American belief in isolationism. "Domestic political problems in the summer of 1937 had made Roosevelt particularly reluctant to risk anything in foreign affairs. The Court fight and the failure to break a series of sit down strikes have seriously ended his middle class support," Datlek (1979, p.14 7). Isolationists thought that alliances could be unsettling, and destabilizing. In President Hoover's opinion they were 'provocative actions' that have 'hitherto always cracked up in war itself'. The horrors of the First World War, Versailles treaty, fear of getting drawn into another war, Great Depression, scare of losing uninhibited decision making were a few causes of isolationism. Isolation had many more reasons and excuses: "Belief that the depression had been caused by W.W.I Belief that Europe was unworthy of our support Pacifism-people who hated and abhorred war Belief that arms manufacturers, bankers had caused war Belief that W.W.I had been a tragic mistake for the U.S " http://www.sagehistory.net/roosevelts/wwii/1920WWII1940.htm FDR initially was more engrossed with the domestic problems and his refusal to peg the value of the US dollar wrecked the International Economic Conference of 1933, to be held in London, which was partially encouraged by Hoover. FDR, instead, maintained Good Neighbour Policy and Pan Americanism and in Buenos Aires Conference, he demonstrated that America was uninterested in domineering weaker nations and he continued economic nationalism and cooperation both. Still, there existed a certain stalemate between an internationalist president and an isolationist congress. He recognised USSR, increased foreign trade hoping to alleviate depression, and his Neutrality Act of 1937 famously hurt Spain and made US a 'silent accomplice of Hitler'. His Quarantine speech in Chicago was intentional; but Americans were too wrapped up in isolationism and events like Panay, plight of China, and even the armament need of Britain and France did not move the Congress, despite President's efforts, though h e eventually succeeded in persuading Congress to send armaments to Britain, which is called America's 'first line of defence'. did not end till the onset of Second World War and the fear of it had slowed down America. FDR had to face this inertia, even though he wanted